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Malarial Infection in HIV Infected Pregnant Women Attending a Rural Antenatal Clinic in Nigeria
R. S. Houmsou,B. E. Wama,S. O. Elkanah,L. C. Garba,T. D. Hile,J. B. Bingbeng,S. L. Kela,E. U. Amuta
Advances in Epidemiology , 2014, DOI: 10.1155/2014/694213
Abstract: Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV infected pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was undertaken to determine malarial infection in HIV infected pregnant women in relation to sociodemographic and obstetrical factors. The study also assessed relationship between malarial infection and haemoglobin level, counts, and ART regimen, as well as predisposing risk factors that influenced occurrence of malarial infection in the women. Thick and thin blood smears were prepared and stained with Giemsa. Haemoglobin level was determined using a hematology analyzer, while the flow cytometry was used to measure counts. Sociodemographic and obstetrical parameters were obtained through the administration of questionnaires. Of the 159 HIV infected pregnant women examined, 33.3% (59/159) had malarial infection. Malarial infection was significantly higher in pregnant women who were divorced, 40.24% (33/82) , were at their first trimester (4–12 weeks), 54.8% (17/31) , had ？=？[201–500？cells/μL], 42.42% (42/99) , and those that had severe anaemia (<8？dg/L), 100.00% . However, risk factors that influenced the occurrence of malarial infection in the pregnant women were occupation (farming) , marital status (divorced) , gestation (first trimester) , haemoglobin level (Hb？< 8？dg/L) , and counts (low ) . The study reported endemicity of malaria in HIV infected pregnant women living in rural areas of Benue State, Nigeria. Malarial infection was higher in women that were divorced, and at their first trimester, had low count, and had severe anaemia. Farming, divorce, gestation, severe anaemia, and low counts were predisposing risk factors that influenced malaria occurrence in the HIV infected pregnant women. It is advocated that HIV infected pregnant women should be properly and thoroughly educated on malaria preventive measures in rural areas so as to avoid unpleasant effect of malaria during their pregnancies. 1. Introduction Malaria still remains a challenging infection affecting the lives of several HIV infected pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). At least 25 million pregnant women in malaria stable transmission areas of SSA are exposed to Plasmodium falciparum malaria each year [1]. However, HIV infection ranges from 10% to 40% and accounts for 10%–27% of malaria in pregnancy [2–4]. HIV infection has been known to augment the risks of placental and peripheral malaria, high density parasitaemia, and febrile malaria illness among pregnant women [3–6]. These women are also at an increased risk of having premature
ASTER DEM Based Studies for Geological Investigation around Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) in Jharkhand, India  [PDF]
B. SINGH, J. DOWERAH
Journal of Geographic Information System (JGIS) , 2010, DOI: 10.4236/jgis.2010.21003
Abstract: Singhbhum Shear Zone (SSZ) is a geologically rich belt with structures like faults and folds being the distinctive features. Due to these characteristics this area has been an important centre of studies since past few decades. With the advent of Remote Sensing and GIS, it has been possible to study and interprete geological setting of any area in the laboratory itself without even visiting the field again and again. The present study aims to investigate the geology of the SSZ from ASTER DEM by observing the elevation, as-pect, texture, pattern etc of shaded relief images. This can prove to be an excellent supplementary information database for interpretations along with other data.
Curbing Bullying  [PDF]
J. B. Moores
Psychology (PSYCH) , 2017, DOI: 10.4236/psych.2017.812128
Abstract: “On April 20, 1999, the corridors and classrooms of Columbine High School in Littleton, Colorado, reverberated with the sound of gunshots. Two students, armed with assault weapons and explosives, had gone on a rampage, killing a teacher and several of their fellow students. They then turned their guns on themselves.” (p. 373) Bullying is epidemic and no longer can be ignored! Within this commentary article, there is a research that has been performed in Norway by Psychologist Dan Olweus that improved the bullying program. One method suggested that a potential key for improvement to the bullying program, if implemented robustly, includes: seeing, thinking, and doing social skills. Another method would consist of having all parties within the public school system be involved and work together to help stop unwanted aggressive behavior. This could involve identifying the problem and educating school staff as well as parents on bullying. Next, develop a program, as Dr. Olweus has described in his approach. Finally, implement the program. Dr. Olweus’ results noted a decrease in bullying by half in every grade level. The purpose of this article is to help the school systems either improve any anti-bullying program that is already implemented or help to guide and discuss a successful program if none currently exists. Unfortunately, bullying will most likely always exist, just as many kinds of discrimination exist. However, there may be other benefits for children who learn social skills positively. For example, having deeper levels of empathy, learning to have a communal relationship versus exchange relationship, or being a more romantic partner. Moreover, if bullying decreases within the public school system, then children may miss less school and obtain a quality education.
Thoughts on Addiction Prevention  [PDF]
J. B. Moores
Psychology (PSYCH) , 2019, DOI: 10.4236/psych.2019.101007
Abstract: All drugs of addiction produce a positive reward with efficacy and once the efficacy tapers off so do the effects from the drug. Despite the consequences that can occur from an addicting behavior, individuals like how the reward made them feel. Therefore, repeating the behavior over and over creates a cycle of addiction. Equally important, is the social concern from the mortality rate statistics from drug addiction listed from most to least overdose: opioid, cocaine, and benzodiazepines. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention statistics and in Figure 1. “More than 72,000 Americans died from drug overdose in 2017; 49,068 involve opioid overdose, 14,556 involve cocaine overdose; and 10,684 involve benzodiazepine overdose” (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2018). Within this commentary article, there will be suggestive research for an optimistic outlook on novel ways to approach our nation’s crisis. In addition, there will be some examples of the most common prescription drug types describing their mechanism of action. Finally, discussing the stages of drug addiction to reveal where relapse occurs so there can be better monitoring and documentation while help aiding with some of the Health and Human Services 5-Point Strategy, “Better addition prevention, treatment, and recovery services, better data, better pain management, better targeting of overdose reversing drugs, and better research” (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2018).
Correlation between Hardness, Structure and Electrochemical Performance of an AlZnMnMg Alloy  [PDF]
S. Valdez, B. Campillo, J. J. Islas
Engineering (ENG) , 2012, DOI: 10.4236/eng.2012.49075
Abstract: In this work the structural changes induced by aged treatment have shown a connection with differences of hardness and electrochemical performance. Al-base alloys have been investigated by means of Vickers hardness, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron and short-term electrochemical test. X-ray diffraction result reveals the formation of (MgZn)49Al32 phase for two conditions, the first one is when the magnesium content is upper to 5.49% in as-cast condition and the second one after the thermal treatment carried out at 450?C for 5 h. In addition, the hardness and electrochemical performance has been influenced by the presence and quantity of the (MgZn)49Al32 phase. The addition of magnesium alloying modifies the microstructure, increases the content of (MgZn)49Al32 phase and provides a localized corrosion which conduced to the breakdown of the oxide film (?-Al2O3) formed on the Al alloy surface.
Oleic acid Stimulates the Formation of Adipocyte-Like Cells from Bovine Satellite Cells via G-Protein Coupled Receptor 43 and CCAAT/Enhancer-Binding Protein Beta  [PDF]
J. Kim, K. Chung, B. J. Johnson
Open Journal of Animal Sciences (OJAS) , 2020, DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2020.104042
Abstract: Numerous physiological and pathological processes are controlled by free fatty acids, which act as signaling molecules in mammals. We hypothesized that oleic acid (Ole) might stimulate the formation of satellite-cell-derived intramuscular adipose tissue. The role of Ole as a ligand of G-protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) was previously identified. Thus, the objective of the current study was to determine the effect of Ole on GPR43 and factors related to the adipogenic differentiation of bovine satellite cells (BSC). Treatments of 100 μM and 500 μM Ole tended to induce greater (P < 0.10) mRNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) compared to all other doses. The mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was not altered (P > 0.10) by treatment. The addition of 100 μM and 500 μM of Ole upregulated (P < 0.05) GPR43 mRNA expression. Protein level of GPR43 was increased (P < 0.05) by 100 μM of Ole treatments. Addition of Ole to BSC cultures induced transformation of myogenic cells into adipocyte-like cells that formed cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Increased expression of C/EBPβ in response to Ole might suppress myogenic differentiation. After the treatment of cells with Ole, increased expression of GPR43 could lead to phosphorylation of 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα). Altogether, the results indicated that increased Ole might stimulate adipose tissue accumulation within the skeletal muscle of cattle by promoting adipogenic differentiation and activation of GPR43 in satellite cells.
[1-(4-Nitrobenzyl)-2-butyl-4-chloro-1H-imidazol-5-yl]-4, 5-dihydro-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazole: Synthesis, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activities  [PDF]
S. Sreenivasa, B. J. Shankar
Open Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (OJMC) , 2013, DOI: 10.4236/ojmc.2013.32007
Abstract:

In the present investigation, series of Bis (heterocycle)s bearing pyrazoline in combination of the imidazole derivatives have been synthesized via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions of N-(nitrobenzyl)-imidazole nitrile imines with different dipolarophiles. All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized and screened for analgesic-anti-inflammatory activities and were compared with the standard drugs. The compounds exhibited excellent anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Out of the compounds studied 4b, 4d and 4g compounds shown statistically significant activity comparable to the standard drugs Ibuprofen and Aspirin at the same dose.

Ethnic Diversity as Tool of Good Governance in Nigerian Political Dialectics  [PDF]
Chika J. B. Gabriel Okpalike
Open Journal of Social Sciences (JSS) , 2015, DOI: 10.4236/jss.2015.36021
Abstract: The principles of Good Governance presume peoples, nations, systems, corporations, cultures and so forth. These entities are what must be found at the backdrop of a possible Good Governance in Nigeria. Meanwhile the collapse of any civilization; the decay of any society; the death of the human spirit in any epoch is often heralded by the deterioration of culture. In other words anarchy in and disintegration of any society are consequent upon a decline, decadence, misconstrue or neglect in the culture of that society. Identifying the veritable Nigerian culture is a task outside whose accomplishment Good Governance in the country remains a farce, because it is a people who generate culture and a culture which grounds Good Governance. The quest for Good Governance in Nigeria is a pipe dream; a flight of fancy in as much as the Nigerian people is phantom and their culture inanity. Meanwhile it is more convenient to talk about the people, culture, language and religion of Nigeria in plural terms. Therefore we can only say Nigerian cultures, languages and religions. It was John S. Mbiti [1] and Emefie I. Metuh [2] who had agreed on this plurality only in terms of African Religions. Plurality as diversity is the essential character of Nigeria. We may conveniently talk about the Igbo (Likewise Yoruba, Hausa, Kalabari, Ogoni, Ibibio, Tiv and so on) culture, language, religion, people and so forth. Yet even at that, what we mean can easily identify with the past and dying ways of the people which the present recalls according to the strength of their hindsight, but which has no relevance at all on the life of those who commemorate them. This article from a phenomenological perspective understands culture as a unified way of life that binds a people together and identifies its absent presence in Nigeria with the inevitable consequence of the illusiveness of Good Governance. It then opens the vistas of another possibility of building Good Governance on the same diversity.
Improved Automotive CAN Protocol Based on Payload Reduction and Selective Bit Stuffing  [PDF]
B. Vinodh Kumar, J. Ramesh
Circuits and Systems (CS) , 2016, DOI: 10.4236/cs.2016.710291
Abstract: In this research paper, the implementation strategies of automotive controller area network protocol are investigated and the short messaging scheme with selective bit stuffing method to improve the effective utilization of its bandwidth has been proposed. There would be a sharp decrease in the performance of traditional CAN protocol because of considerable increase in the number of ECUs (Electronic Control Units) and infotainment gadgets connected in the vehicle architecture. The demand for safety, emission, diagnostics and comfort norms has steeply increased the number of messages in the 250 Kbps CAN network as the computational power of ECUs has gone up. To overcome this problem, the short CAN method has been proposed and the work is benchmarked with SAEJ1939 Heavy commercial vehicle CAN standard. The Matlab Simulink based short CAN has been modeled and the performance of the proposed system has evaluated using virtual instrument cluster. Experimental results have shown that compared to the traditional CAN, the proposed method has reduced the worst case response time of CAN extended frame from 160 μ sec to 144 μ sec. Selective bit stuffing technique has reduced the impact of bit stuffing over the payload and improved the utilization factor for the CAN bus without affecting the CAN message ID properties. The proposed algorithm has been modeled and simulated using CAN Matlab model Simulink and it has been verified using virtual CAN tool and real time CAN bus hardware.
Posljednji dar Milana Paveli？a
J., B.
- , 1939,
Abstract: Hr？ak ID: 6008
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